Prepared by H-M-ZAKRIA
Lecturer GDC Parova, D.I.KHAN
PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Unit # 7. Social Issues:
Humans throughout history have generally favored large families—for the most part to assure survival of a particular family line or racial group.
High death rates from plagues, predators, and wars led people to produce as many offspring as possible. However, the situation has changed dramatically in the 20th century as technological advances of one sort or another have caused a global “population explosion,” with the world currently gaining 90 million people each year (most of this increase in poorer countries). Given this trend, the global population will exceed 6 billion in the early 2000s, and 8 billion by the 2020s. Understandably, sociologists around the world exhibit urgent concern about increases in the global population. A population's size is first affected by fertility, which refers to the number of children that an average woman bears during her reproductive years—from puberty to menopause. People sometimes confuse the term fertility with fecundity, which refers to the number of children an average woman is capable of bearing. Such factors as health, finances, and personal decision sharply affect fecundity.
To determine a country's fertility rate, demographers use governmental records to figure the crude birth rate (the number of live births for every thousand people in a population). They calculate this rate by dividing the number of live births in a year by the total population, and then multiplying the result by 1,000. As one might expect, the governmental records used in this type of research may not be completely accurate, especially in third‐world countries where such records may not even exist.
Mortality, or the number of deaths in a society's population, also influences population size. Similar to the crude birth rate, demographers calculate the crude death rate, or the number of deaths annually per 1,000 people in the population. Demographers calculate this figure by dividing the number of deaths in a year by the total population, and then multiplying the result by 1,000. The crude death rate in the United States normally stays around 8 or 9.
Infant mortality rate, which is the number of deaths among infants under age one for each 1,000 live births in a year, provides demographers with another measure. Compared to other countries, North American infant mortality rates tend to be low. Still, the figures can vary considerably within a society. For example, African Americans have an infant mortality rate of about 19 compared to those of whites who have a rate of about 8.
A low infant mortality correlates with a higher life expectancy, which is the average lifespan of a society's population. U.S. males and females born today can look forward to living into their 70s, which exceeds the life expectancy of those in low‐income countries by 20 years.
Migration: Finally, migration (the movement of people from one place to another) affects population size. While some migration is involuntary, such as when slaves where brought to America, other migration is voluntary, such as when families move from cities into suburbs.
Migration into an area, called immigration, is measured as the immigration rate, which is the number of people entering a region per each 1,000 people in the population. Migration out of an area, or emigration, is measured as the emigration rate, which is the number leaving per each 1,000 people in the population. Internal migration is the movement from one area to another within a country's borders.
Populationgrowth
Fertility, mortality, and migration all influence the size of a society's population. Poorer countries tend to grow almost completely from internal causes (for example, high birth rates due to the absence of reliable contraception), while richer countries tend to grow from both internal causes and migration. Demographers determine a population's natural growth rate by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. The world's low‐growth nations tend to be more industrialized, such as the United States and Europe. The high‐growth countries tend to be less industrialized, such as Africa and Latin America.
Population composition
Demographers also take an interest in the composition of a society's population. For example, they study the gender ratio (or sex ratio), which is the number of males per 100 females in a population. The sex ratio in the United States is about 93 males for every 100 females. In most areas of the world, the gender ratio is less than 100 because females normally outlive men. Yet in some cultures that practice female infanticide, such as among the Yanomamo, the ratio can reach well above 100.
Population control:
The importance of family planning Historically, many groups and societies have discouraged contraception (the prevention of conception, or birth control) to assure survival of its members and humanity as a whole. Certain religious groups strongly disapprove of sexual activity that does not culminate in coitus and the possibility of conception. Other groups place little importance on the matter of contraception. The Yanomamo of South America, for instance, harbor little or no concept of contraception. Instead, they parent as many children as possible, and then kill off those they view as the undesirable, such as some females and deformed infants.
Modern medicine has spread throughout different parts of the world, and people of all ages now live longer, causing the world's population to explode in growth. In fact, at five billion today, the world's population doubles, on average, every 35 years, with most of this growth occurring in developing countries. Given this population crisis, certain governments, like that of China, regulate the number of births allowed per household.
Besides the issue of controlling overpopulation, other benefits to practicing contraception exist. For example, a young couple may want to postpone having children until their finances improve. Or an unmarried, sexually active teenager may wish to finish her education or get married before starting a family, thereby reducing her chances of eventually relying on the government for financial support.
Family planning also plays an important role in protecting the physical health of both mother and child. The older or younger a woman is, and the closer together she bears children (that is, more frequently than every two years), the greater the risk of pregnancy and birth complications, early infant mortality, and maternal death. For example, women over age 40 or under age 19 have an increased risk of bearing a child of low birth weight, and thus a variety of birth defects and even outright death. Estimates say that approximately one million teenage women in the United States become pregnant each year.
#Why Drug Addiction Is a Social Problem
A common misconception surrounding drug addiction is that it solely affects the life of the user. However, the idea that they aren’t hurting anyone except for themselves is an excuse that many individuals who abuse drugs use in order to justify their addiction. Drug addiction is not a one-person phenomenon, and it creates a domino effect on the lives of those around them. It is a social problem that normalizes drug use and affects individuals and their families.
Effects of Drug Addiction
At first glance, a drug addiction may appear to only affect the person who is using. However, because addiction is a destructive issue that can have an adverse effect on the community, family, and individual, it’s very rare that other people aren’t affected. An individual neglecting their responsibilities as a result of drugs can negatively affect their career, children’s education, or family’s financial security. Their impact can also extend outside of the immediate family. Friends or community members who rely on their presence or companionship can suffer from their absence.
There are a variety of short-term and long-term health effects associated with addiction. Although the specific effects vary between drugs, prolonged abuse of any substance can lead to chronic disease or alter an individual’s productivity. The most permanent effect of drug addiction is death, which becomes more likely through addiction because of increased tolerance leading to overdose.
The Connection Between Addiction and Crime
There is a definitive link between crime and drug addictions that is mainly contributed to the illegal status of commonly abused drugs. Not only is it illegal to carry many of these drugs but an individual’s lowered inhibitions when under the influence can encourage them to commit other crimes. The types of crime that an individual may commit when on drugs is extensive and dependent on a variety of sub-factors, but regardless, drug users are more likely than nonusers to commit crime. Petty theft in order to obtain drugs and satiate their cravings when desperate is another way in which drugs influence individuals to commit crimes.
How Drug Rehabilitation Can Better Society
There are two types of people: those who believe that drug addiction treatment should be given to everyone, and those who think that drug addiction shouldn’t be treated as a criminal issue. Ultimately, it doesn’t matter who suffers from addiction, criminal or not. With the proper help and treatment, you will be able to overcome your addiction and fit into society once again. Due to the process of drug rehabilitation, there is almost a countless number of people who took the necessary steps to beat their crippling addiction and even become pillars of various communities. Some individuals have managed to procure fantastic jobs and live healthy, drug-free jobs.
Unfortunately, drug addiction is still in society.
Once an addiction starts, it can become very difficult for you to come back from it. With that said, you don’t have to fight it alone. Don’t be ashamed to tell people of your addiction. Many people are going through or have gone through the same thing. You will need the support of your family, friends and even the professionals treating you. If you or someone you know is suffering from an addiction, asking for help is the first step to regaining control of your life.
# Unemployment in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the unemployment rate is very high and the major reason is the wastage of resources on the large scale. It results in the decrease in the income of people. The Unemployment Problem in Pakistan is increasing rapidly and due to this, many crimes are taking place.
We can see that many people no matter, what the education are idle because they are not getting any job not even the jobs of clerks, in ordinary offices or in schools. The condition of unemployment is leading towards the depressing state and the main reason is the poor education system, which is running under the government.
The parents spend huge amount of money on their children’s education, but the jobs are very rare and prove indefinable in today’s era. Sadly, the government is not taking any action on the unemployment problem in Pakistan because they are very busy in filling their own pockets with the money of the Pakistani people. The causes are infinite, but the major causes of unemployment in Pakistan are given below.
Poor education system:
The system of education in Pakistan is very bad. Sadly, none of the governments took worthwhile steps for the betterment of education. We know that our educational system is very bad and most of the population is uneducated. Many of the talented students leave studies due to the unjust educational system. Many of the educational institution are just selling degrees which have no values because the students do not gain any skills but wonder for a good job which is not possible all the time.
Growth in population:
The population of Pakistan is very large and according to statistics it is increasing at a role of 2.2 % per annum, which is startling. There are many reasons for this increase in population e.g. lack of awareness, desire of sons etc. It is not possible for government to provide employment to huge populace. Our country has plenty of natural resources but it is so strange to know that our atomic power is facing energy crisis. These resources cannot be tapped due to lack of technical and skilled labor.
High age of retirement:
The age of this retirement is very high i.e. 60 years due to this a lot of deserving people are waiting for jobs. Government is directly responsible for the unemployment problem in Pakistan. Due to this factor, the people with less age are in wait of jobs and their higher education is making them exasperated because of no job.
Terrorism:
Another major cause of unemployment is terrorism. Pakistan is facing a terrible situation of terrorism especially in Karachi which is a hub of business activity. Foreign investors fear to invest in our country, thus, there are less opportunities of employment. In addition to these problems Afghan refugees are also a major problem of unemployment in Pakistan.
Lack of industries:
Another reason for unemployment is that the number of industries is not increasing in Pakistan. Shortage of capital is an important cause of unemployment in developing countries like Pakistan. Low savings leads to low investment, which ultimately results in low capital formation. When rate of capital accumulation is low, unemployment will be the natural outcome of the situation.
Unemployment is an acute problem of Pakistan. It is very serious problem, demanding wise leadership to solve it. It will have to be faced quickly and wisely if we wish to avoid social revolution. Government efforts to create nominal employment are counter-productive as it draws resources from productive sectors,
Where the generation of national income and direct and indirect employment opportunities are likely to be higher. The present state of unemployment is caused by “safarish”. The deserving candidates do not get jobs and the persons with “safarish” easily get jobs of their choice.
Solution of Unemployment Problem in Pakistan
It will be tough ask for government to solve one of the major problems of Pakistan “Unemployment” due to huge population but still we have given some solutions to reduce the unemployment in Pakistan and we are hopeful by following these solutions the ratio of unemployment in Pakistan can be reduced or decreased.
The first thing to do to reduce unemployment in Pakistan is the proper planning by the government of Pakistan.
The education system of Pakistan should be equal and well managed.
Well recognized training and technical institutions are need to be established where skills programs are offered.
The age of retirement should be at least 55 years.
Remove energy crisis so that investor comes to Pakistan thus job placement will automatically be created.
There should be peace across the country so foreigners will not hesitate to invest in Pakistan.
The agriculture sector should be developed.
Jobs should be given purely on merits.
Multinational companies to business in Pakistan.
Family planning centers should be opened to control the flow of over population.
Rights of children:
Introduction:
Golden Age (innocence. freedom, joy, play)
Children and childhood across the world have broadly been constructed in term of a golden age that is synonymous with innocence, Freedom, joy, play. It is the time when only hardly shoulder any kinds of responsibility and obligation. But it is also true that children are vulnerable especially when very young.
Care and protection ( development and needs of survival)
The adult children relation, parents in particular is said to provide care and protection serving thereby the best interest of child and meeting their day to day needs of survival and development.
Set of rules and regulations.
It is believed that childhood is that period during which children are subjected to a set of rules and regulations unique to them.
History:
Islam gave child rights in 611
In religion, Islam Allah Almighty commanded us (Muslims) to give honor, respect and obey our parents in entire life except when it comes to the disobedience of Allah (SWT). Islam raised the status of parents and made it obligatory for Muslims to obey their parents with love and respect. Children have the rights to be fed, clothed, education and protected until they reached to adulthood. These rights are for both girls and boys there is no difference between their rights.
League of nation (committee on welfare in 1919)
In most countries of Europe and North America for the protection of children following the 1st world war, the newly formed league of nation established a committee on child welfare in 1919. In 1924 league of nation adopted the declaration of rights of child which came to be known as the “Declaration of Geneva”.
UNO adopted this in 1959.
The UN assembly, adopted the declaration of child’ rights on 20 November 1959, which was expansion of Geneva declaration from 5 principles to 10 principles.
CRC, (child rights convention)
In 1989, world leaders decided that children needed a special convention just for them because people under 18 years old often needed special care and protection that adults do not. The CRC is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of children’s human rights, civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Pakistan signed it on 12Nov 1990
Four principles of CRC
The four core principles of CRC are Non discrimination, Devotion to the best interest of child, Right to life, Respect for the views of child.
Child abuse
“The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child’s welfare under circumstances which indicate that the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened.”
Another definition: Any behavior directed towards a child that endangers a child’s physical or emotional health and development.
Types of child abuse
Physical abuse: Physical abuse is any non-accidental injury to a child under the age of 18 by a parent or caretaker. These injuries may include beatings, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation, or immersion in scalding water or others, with resulting bruises and welts, fractures, scars, burns, internal injuries or any other injuries. 28.3% of adults report being physically abused as a child.
Emotional abuse: Emotional abuse includes the failure of a caregiver to provide an appropriate and supportive environment, and includes acts that have an adverse effect on the emotional health and development of a child. Such acts include restricting a child’s movements, denigration, ridicule, threats and intimidation, discrimination, rejection and other nonphysical forms of hostile treatment. 10.6% of adults report being emotionally abused as a child.
Neglect abuse: Neglect refers to the failure of a parent to provide for the development of the child – where the parent is in a position to do so – in one or more of the following areas: health, education, emotional development, nutrition, shelter and safe living conditions. Neglect is thus distinguished from circumstances of poverty in that neglect can occur only in cases where reasonable resources are available to the family or caregiver.
Sexual abuse: Child sexual abuse is the exploitation of a child or adolescent for the sexual gratification of another person. Child sexual abuse cases in Pakistan have increased from nine cases per day in 2017 to 12 cases per day in the first six months of 2018, a report by Sahil states. 20.7% of adults report being sexually abused as a child.
Three Major Components of Child Abuse: Child + care giver + stress = child abuse
Gender Roles
Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Learning plays a role in this process of shaping gender roles. These gender schemas are deeply embedded cognitive frameworks regarding what defines masculine and feminine. While various socializing agents—parents, teachers, peers, movies, television, music, books, and religion—teach and reinforce gender roles throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the greatest influence, especially on their very young offspring.
Sociologists know that adults perceive and treat female and male infants differently. Parents probably do this in response to their having been recipients of gender expectations as young children. Traditionally, fathers teach boys how to fix and build things; mothers teach girls how to cook, sew, and keep house. Children then receive parental approval when they conform to gender expectations and adopt culturally accepted and conventional roles. All of this is reinforced by additional socializing agents, such as the media. In other words, learning gender roles always occurs within a social context, the values of the parents and society being passed along to the children of successive generations.
Prepared by H-M-ZAKRIA
Lecturer GDC Parova, D.I.KHAN
hmzakriakhan@gmail.com
Information point
https://web.facebook.com/?_rdc=1&_rdr
Gender roles adopted during childhood normally continue into adulthood. At home, people have certain presumptions about decision‐making, child‐rearing practices, financial responsibilities, and so forth. At work, people also have presumptions about power, the division of labor, and organizational structures. None of this is meant to imply that gender roles, in and of themselves, are good or bad; they merely exist. Gender roles are realities in almost everyone's life.
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